Index Diachronica v2.0 (mockup)

Polynesian to Tongic

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *s → *h
  • merger with *h
• *r → ∅

Tongic to Niuean

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’

Tongic to Tongan

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *t → č / _ i
• č → s

Polynesian to Nuclear Polynesian

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *r → *l
  • merger with *l
• *h → ∅

Nuclear Polynesian to Samoic–outlier

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *w → *v

Samoic–outlier to East Futunan

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *f → w / # _ V *s
• t → č / _ i

Samoic–outlier to East Uvean

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *s → h

Samoic–outlier to Ellicean

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’

Samoic–outlier to Kapingamarangi

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *s → h
• *f → h
• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’

Samoic–outlier to Luangiua

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’
• *f → w / # _ V *s
• *k → ʔ
• *t → k
• *n → *ŋ
  • merger with *ŋ
  • ‘seems to be related to the backing of *t to k in both languages’

Samoic–outlier to Nukeria

Source: [Davle2015]

• *r → l / # _ a
• *r → l / {i,e} _ {a,o}

Samoic–outlier to Nukumanu

Source: [Davle2015]

• *l → r
  • This change did not affect geminated *ll
• *r → l / # _ a
• *r → l / # _ o

Samoic–outlier to Nukuoro

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *f → h
• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’

Samoic–outlier to Tuvaluan

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *s → h
• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’

Samoic–outlier to Takuu

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *f → w / # _ V *s
• *l → {l, r} / condition not specified in source
• *s → h
• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’

Source: [Davle2015]

• *l → r
  • This change did not affect geminated *ll
• *r → l / _ V₁ ll V₁ (r) V₁
• *r → l / # _ a
• *r → l / # _ o
• *r → l / {i,e} _ {a,o}
• *r → l / {i,e} _ u
• *r → l
  • In younger speakers

Samoic–outlier to Pukapukan

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *s → θy
• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’

Samoic–outlier to Samoan

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’
• *k → ʔ

Source: [Blust2004]

• *k → ʔ

Samoan to Colloquial Samoan

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *t → k
• *n → *ŋ
  • merger with *ŋ
  • ‘seems to be related to the backing of *t to k in both languages’

Source: [Blust2004]

• *t → k
• *n → *ŋ

Samoic–outlier to Sikaiana

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *f → w / # _ V *s
• *f → h
• *ŋ → *n
  • merger with *n
• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’

Samoic–outlier to Pileni

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’
• t → s / _ i

Pileni to Aua dialect of Pileni

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *f → h

Pileni to Taumako dialect of Pileni

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *s → h

Samoic–outlier to Rennellese

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *f → h
• *l → *g

Samoic–outlier to Rennellese

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *f → h
• *l → *g

Rennellese to Rennel Island Rennellese

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *g → ᵑɡ
  • Transcribed ‘[ngg]’ in original source

Rennellese to Rennel Island Rennellese

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *g → ŋ
  • merger with *ŋ

Samoic–outlier to Unnamed Outlier Subgroup

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *l → r

Unnamed Outlier Subgroup to Mae

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’

Unnamed Outlier Subgroup to Mele-Fila

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’

Unnamed Outlier Subgroup to Tikopian

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’

Tikopian to Anutan dialect of Tikopian

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *f → p
• *s → ∅

Unnamed Outlier Subgroup to West Futunan

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’

West Futunan to Futunan dialect of West Futunan

Source: [Biggs1978]

• t → ʃ / _ i

West Futunan to Aniwan dialect of West Futunan

Source: [Biggs1978]

• t → č / _ i

Unnamed Outlier Subgroup to West Uvean

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *ʔ → ∅
  • Inferred from original text: ‘loss of glottal stops’

Nuclear Polynesian to Eastern Polynesian

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *ʔ → ∅ / # _

Eastern Polynesian to Central-Eastern Polynesian

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *ʔ → ∅
• {*f, *s} → *h / {C,V}_{C,V}, _[+round]
  • Inferred from original text: ‘medially and before round vowels’
• *f → *w / # _ *a (*a) *h
  • merger with *w

Central-Eastern Polynesian to Hawaiian

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *k → ʔ
• *t → k
  • Except in Niʻihau dialect
• *ŋ → n
  • merger with *n

Source: [Blust2004]

• *t → k
  • Except in Niʻihau dialect

Hawaiian to Niʻihau Hawaiian

Source: [Blust2004]

• *t → k / anywhere before [k] in a word [TODO]

Central-Eastern Polynesian to Mangarevan

Source: [Biggs1978]

• {*s, *f} → ʔ

Central-Eastern Polynesian to Rurutu

Source: [Biggs1978]

• {*s, *f, *k, *ŋ} → ʔ

Central-Eastern Polynesian to Tahitian

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *k → ʔ

Source: [Blust2004]

• *t → k / _ V t

Tahitian to Leeward Tahitian

Source: [Blust2004]

• *t → k

Central-Eastern Polynesian to Marquesan

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *r → ʔ

Marquesan to Southern dialect of Marquesan

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *k → ʔ
• *ŋ → n
  • merger with *n

Marquesan to Northern dialect of Marquesan

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *ŋ → k
  • merger with *k
  • ‘except in the Taipi Valley on Nukuhiva’

Central-Eastern Polynesian to Cook Islands Māori

Source: [Biggs1978]

• {*f, *h} → ʔ

Central-Eastern Polynesian to New Zealand Māori

Source: [Biggs1978]

New Zealand Māori to Bay of Plenty New Zealand Māori

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *ŋ → n
  • merger with *n

New Zealand Māori to South Island New Zealand Māori

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *ŋ → k
  • merger with *k

New Zealand Māori to Taranaki–Wanganui River New Zealand Māori

Source: [Biggs1978]

• *h → ʔ
• *f → *wˀ