* Realisations
  | Symbol | Realisation       | Notes                                                                               |
  |--------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | *p     | [p]               | ‘somewhat lenis, rather than aspirated’                                             |
  | *t     | assumed [t]       | ‘in a few … languages, there is a palatalised allophone of *t* before *i*’          |
  | *k     | assumed [k]       |                                                                                     |
  | *m     | assumed [m]       |                                                                                     |
  | *n     | assumed [n]       |                                                                                     |
  | *ŋ     | assumed [ŋ]       |                                                                                     |
  | *ʔ     | assumed [ʔ]       |                                                                                     |
  | *l     | [l]               | ‘we may surmise that it was a laterally released liquid, a light l, rather          |
  |        |                   | than a dark *l*, though there may have been centrally released allophones’          |
  | *r     | assumed [r~ʁ~ɾ~ɹ] | ‘a non-lateral liquid of some kind’                                                 |
  | *w     | [w~β]             | ‘was probably bilabial and possibly a voiced fricative rather than a semi-vowel’    |
  | *s     | [s~hʲ]            | ‘seems likely that PPN *s was a palatalised h or s which became                     |
  |        |                   | [h] in Tongic and [hy] at some stage in Nuclear Polynesian’                         |
  | *h     | [h]               | ‘We may suppose that PPN *h was in fact a glottal spirant contrasting with *s’      |
  | *f     | [f~ɸ]             | ‘was an unvoiced fricative possibly with both labio-dental and bilabial allophones’ |
  | *v     | assumed [v]       |                                                                                     |
  | *a     | assumed [a]       |                                                                                     |
  | *e     | assumed [e]       |                                                                                     |
  | *i     | assumed [i]       |                                                                                     |
  | *o     | assumed [o]       |                                                                                     |
  | *u     | assumed [u]       |                                                                                     |

* Polynesian to Tongic

  *s → *h (merger with *h)
  *r → ∅

* Tongic to Niuean

  ‘loss of glottal stops’
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅

* Polynesian to Nuclear Polynesian

  *r → *l (merger with *l)
  *h → ∅

* Nuclear Polynesian to Samoic-outlier

  *w → *v

* Samoic-outlier to East Futunan

  *f → w / # _ V *s (shared change)

* Samoic-outlier to East Uvean

  *s → h (shared change)

* Samoic-outlier to Ellicean

  ‘loss of glottal stops’ (shared change)
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅

* Samoic-outlier to Kapingamarangi

  *s → h (shared change)
  *f → h (shared change)

  ‘loss of glottal stops’ (shared change)
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅

* Samoic-outlier to Luangiua

  ‘loss of glottal stops’ (shared change)
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅

  *f → w / # _ V *s (shared change)
  *k → ʔ (shared change)
  *t → k (shared change)
  *n → *ŋ (merger with *ŋ; shared change)

* Samoic-outlier to Nukuoro

  *f → h (shared change)

  ‘loss of glottal stops’ (shared change)
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅

* Samoic-outlier to Tuvaluan

  *s → h (shared change)

  ‘development … of a contrast between long and short consonants through the loss of short, unstressed vowels between identical consonants’
  possibly: C₁ V C₁ → C₁ː (shared change)

* Samoic-outlier to Takuu

  *f → w / # _ V *s (shared change)
  *l → {l, r} (condition not specified in source)
  *s → h (shared change)

  ‘loss of glottal stops’ (shared change)
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅

* Samoic-outlier to Pukapukan

  *s → θj (written as ‘θy’ in source)

  ‘loss of glottal stops’ (shared change)
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅

* Samoic-outlier to Samoan

  ‘loss of glottal stops’ (shared change)
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅

  *k → ʔ (shared change)

* Samoic-outlier to Sikaiana

  *f → w / # _ V *s (shared change)
  *f → h (shared change)
  *ŋ → *n (merger with *n; shared change)

  ‘loss of glottal stops’ (shared change)
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅

* Samoic-outlier to Pileni

  ‘loss of glottal stops’ (shared change)
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅

* Pileni to Aua dialect of Pileni

  *f → h (shared change)

* Pileni to Taumako dialect of Pileni

  *s → h (shared change)

* Samoic-outlier to Rennellese

  *f → h (shared change)
  *l → *‘orthographic g’

* Rennellese to Rennel Island Rennellese

  *‘orthographic g’ → ᵑɡ (transcribed ‘[ngg]’ in original source)

* Rennellese to Bellona Rennellese

  *‘orthographic g’ → ŋ (merger with *ŋ)

* Samoan to Colloquial Samoan

  *t → k (shared change)
  *n → *ŋ (merger with *ŋ; shared change)

* Samoic-outlier to Unnamed Outlier Subgroup

  *l → r

* Unnamed Outlier Subgroup to Mae

  ‘loss of glottal stops’ (shared change)
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅

* Unnamed Outlier Subgroup to Mele-Fila

  ‘loss of glottal stops’ (shared change)
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅

* Unnamed Outlier Subgroup to Tikopian

  ‘loss of glottal stops’ (shared change)
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅

* Unnamed Outlier Subgroup to West Futunan

  ‘loss of glottal stops’ (shared change)
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅

* Unnamed Outlier Subgroup to West Uvean

  ‘loss of glottal stops’ (shared change)
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅

* Tikopian to Anutan dialect of Tikopian

  *f → p
  *s → ∅

* Nuclear Polynesian to Eastern Polynesian
  *ʔ → ∅ / # _

* Eastern Polynesian to Central-Eastern Polynesian

  *ʔ → ∅
  {*f, *s} → *h / ‘medially and before round vowels’
  *f → *w / # _ *a (*a) *h (merger with *w)

* Central-Eastern Polynesian to Hawaiian

  *k → ʔ (shared change)
  *t → *k (except in Niʻihau dialect; shared change)
  *ŋ → *n (merger with *n; shared change)

* Central-Eastern Polynesian to Mangarevan

  {*s, *f} → ʔ

* Central-Eastern Polynesian to Rurutu

  {*s, *f, *k, *ŋ} → ʔ

* Central-Eastern Polynesian to Tahitian

  *k → ʔ (shared change)

* Central-Eastern Polynesian to Marquesan

  *r → ʔ

* Marquesan to Southern dialect of Marquesan

  *k → ʔ (shared change)
  *ŋ → *n (merger with *n; shared change)

* Marquesan to Northern dialect of Marquesan

  *ŋ → k (merger with *k; ‘except in the Taipi Valley on Nukuhiva’)

* Central-Eastern Polynesian to Cook Islands Māori

  {*f, *h} → ʔ

* Central-Eastern Polynesian to New Zealand Māori

  (no changes given in source)

* New Zealand Māori to Bay of Plenty New Zealand Māori

  *ŋ → *n (merger with *n; shared change)

* New Zealand Māori to South Island New Zealand Māori

  *ŋ → k (merger with *k)

* New Zealand Māori to Taranaki-Wanganui River New Zealand Māori

  *h → ʔ
  *f → ‘glottalised w’ (possibly: wˀ)

* Shared changes

  *f → w / # _ V *s
  In:
  - East Futunan
  - Takuu
  - Sikaiana
  - Luangiua

  *s → h
  In:
  - East Uvean
  - Kapingamarangi
  - Tuvaluan
  - Takuu
  - Taumako

  *f → h
  In:
  - Rennellese
  - Kapingamarangi
  - Nukuoro
  - Sikaiana
  - Aua

  *k → ʔ
  In:
  - Hawaiian
  - Tahitian
  - Southern dialect of Marquesan
  - Luangia
  - Samoan

  *t → k
  In:
  - Hawaiian (except in Niʻihau dialect)
  - Luangia
  - Colloquian Samoan

  *n → *ŋ (merger with *ŋ)
  In:
  - Luangia
  - Colloquian Samoan
  (‘seems to be related to the backing of *t to k in both languages’)

  *ŋ → *n (merger with *n)
  In:
  - Hawaiian
  - Sikaiana
  - Southern dialect of Marquesan
  - Bay of Plenty dialect Māori

  ‘development … of a contrast between long and short consonants through the loss of short, unstressed vowels between identical consonants’
  possibly: C₁ V C₁ → C₁ː
  In:
  - Tuvaluan
  - ‘most, perhaps all of the Outliers’

  ‘loss of glottal stops’
  possibly: *ʔ → ∅
  In:
  - Kapingamarangi
  - Nukuoro
  - Takuu
  - Luangiua
  - Sikaiana
  - Ellicean
  - West Futunan
  - Mele-Fila
  - Mae
  - West Uvean
  - Tikopian
  - Pileni
  - Pukapukan
  - Samoan
  ‘all the Samoic-Outlier languages except East Uvean, East Futunan and Rennellese’
  ‘in Niuean … it must have been an independent change … the relatively few Oceanic languages which preserve this phoneme suggest that its independent loss was by no means uncommon’